![Habitat_Boreal-Forest-Alaska-Fredrik-Norsell Habitat: Boreal Forest](http://www.pacificbirds.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Habitat_Boreal-Forest-Alaska-Fredrik-Norsell.jpg)
Alaska’s boreal forest spans most of interior Alaska. It is a mosaic of evergreens, deciduous trees and shrubs that create a patchwork of ecosystems across the landscape. Permafrost underlays this patchwork in many boreal regions, which, along with cold temperatures and long winters, limits plant species diversity. Nonetheless, the boreal forest is rich with birds. Almost half of the 700 bird species that regularly occur in the U.S. and Canada rely on the boreal forest. Among them are species of conservation concern such as Blackpoll Warbler, Olive-sided Flycatcher, Rusty Blackbird, and Lesser Yellowlegs.
On a continental scale, the boreal and arctic regions are likely to see some of the most dramatic changes from a warming climate, including permafrost melting, wetlands drying and changes in forest fire frequency and intensity.
Other Habitats Our Birds Need
![Habitat_Coastal-Dunes-BLM Coastal Dunes, ©Bureau of Land Management](https://pacificbirds.org/wp-content/uploads/bb-plugin/cache/Habitat_Coastal-Dunes-BLM-768x1024-square-10cfcc9ed407f741392c64def07985f8-.jpg)
Coastal Dunes and Beaches
Coastal dunes and beach communities face a dynamic, harsh environment that requires plants to have unique survival mechanisms.
![Habitat_Conifer-Forest-David-Patte-USFWS Habitat: Conifer Forest](https://pacificbirds.org/wp-content/uploads/bb-plugin/cache/Habitat_Conifer-Forest-David-Patte-USFWS-square-926fff8f1200b0ac39bbde9aead8a690-.jpg)
Conifer Forest
Conifer forests, including our magnificent temperate rainforests, dominate the Pacific Northwest from California to southeast Alaska.
![Habitat_Estuary-Barry-Troutman Habitat: Estuary](https://pacificbirds.org/wp-content/uploads/bb-plugin/cache/Habitat_Estuary-Barry-Troutman-square-bcc2e9a085a585796ee900e5a34c61e6-.jpg)
Estuaries
Estuaries occur where freshwater rivers meet the salt waters of the ocean. They are one of most biologically rich habitats on Earth, thanks to the mixing of nutrients from both the land and sea.
![Habitat_Freshwater-Wetlands-George-Gentry-USFWS Habitat: Freshwater Wetlands](https://pacificbirds.org/wp-content/uploads/bb-plugin/cache/Habitat_Freshwater-Wetlands-George-Gentry-USFWS-square-f689ef21deebb099e49911091e6d4bf1-.jpg)
Freshwater Wetlands
Freshwater wetlands are the hallmark of the Pacific Americas Flyway. Wetlands are subject to periodic flooding and are further characterized by their soil type, hydrology and vegetation.
![Habitat_Hawaii-coastal-wetlands-Kris-Fister Habitat: Hawaii coastal wetland](https://pacificbirds.org/wp-content/uploads/bb-plugin/cache/Habitat_Hawaii-coastal-wetlands-Kris-Fister-square-b44923f38d92b89a4d5872982e0189a7-.jpg)
Hawaiian Wetlands
Hawaii’s freshwater wetlands support the Ae’o, or Hawaiian Stilt, and five other species of endemic, endangered waterbirds.
![Habitat_Intertidal-Rocy-Shoreline-wikipedia Habitat: Intertidal Rocky Shoreline](https://pacificbirds.org/wp-content/uploads/bb-plugin/cache/Habitat_Intertidal-Rocy-Shoreline-wikipedia-square-6713662306121f2abf07d84e5ff4cd8c-.jpg)
Intertidal Rocky Shorelines
Rocky shorelines along the North Pacific coastline occupy the region between high and low tide. They may be rocky cliffs, boulder rubble, wave-pounded shelves, or sheltered rocky shores.
![Habitat_Oak-and-Prairie-George-Gentry-USFWS Habitat: Oak and Prairie](https://pacificbirds.org/wp-content/uploads/bb-plugin/cache/Habitat_Oak-and-Prairie-George-Gentry-USFWS-square-cdfa0e18907300cbc31457cb4320fb62-.jpg)
Oak and Prairie
Oak and prairie ecosystems support a unique suite of specialized birds. They are home to a handful of imperiled species such as Streaked Horned Lark and Oregon Vesper Sparrow.
![Habitat_Pacific-Atolls-Photo-Erik-Olberg,-Island-Conservation Habitat: Pacific Atolls](https://pacificbirds.org/wp-content/uploads/bb-plugin/cache/Habitat_Pacific-Atolls-Photo-Erik-Olberg-Island-Conservation-square-f647261ea6e8caa0376346df8ad19fe2-.jpg)
Pacific Atolls
An atoll is a coral reef island, or islets. They are are characteristically ring-shaped with a central lagoon, and sometimes a central island.
![Laysan Albatorss Credit Andy Collns, NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries. Laysan AlbatrossAndy Collins, NOAA](https://pacificbirds.org/wp-content/uploads/bb-plugin/cache/Laysan-Albatorss-Credit-Andy-Collins-NOAA-Office-of-National-Marine-Sanctuaries.-1024x742-square-5a1c783f0ea826e2b4fa717b6b4f7a10-.jpg)
Pelagic
Pelagic habitats, one of many habitats in the marine environment, include the open ocean. Birds that spend time in the pelagic zone must be able to withstand the salt water, wind and waves–and some do for years at a time.